Reviewed by John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on October 9, 2012
Across the country a high-stakes debate rages on the value of educational testing to measure student achievement.
Use of standardized tests to measure skill obtainment has been backed by many business and industry leaders and reflects the No Child Left Behind Act Act of 2002 that requires mandatory testing in all 50 states.
New psychological research looks at the testing process and how it can help us learn and retain new information over the long term and apply it across different contexts.
Investigators discovered subtle differences between testing, memory, and learning and believe knowledge of the intricacies can aid testing in educational settings.
The first study reviews the ubiquitous multiple-choice test. A common criticism of this testing format is that they expose test takers to the correct answer among the available options. This means that you only have to recognize the correct answer and don?t have to rely on retrieval processes that are known to enhance later recall.
Psychological scientist Jeri Little, Ph.D.,?and her colleagues investigated whether multiple-choice tests could actually be designed to call upon these retrieval processes.
If the alternative answers are all plausible enough, they hypothesized, test takers would have to retrieve information about why correct alternatives are correct and also about why incorrect alternatives are incorrect in order to be able to distinguish between the two.
In two experiments, the researchers found that properly constructed multiple-choice tests can, in fact, trigger productive retrieval processes. They also found that multiple-choice tests had one potentially important advantage over tests in which only the question is presented.
Both kinds of tests helped test takers remember the information they been tested on, but only the multiple-choice tests helped them recall information related to incorrect alternatives. These findings suggest that multiple-choice tests can be constructed in ways that exercise the very retrieval processes they have been accused of bypassing.
Studies have also shown that having to retrieve information during a test helps you remember that information later on. But most research on this ?testing effect? has measured the ability to recall information in the form of a final test that?s similar to the initial test.
In a different study, researchers investigated if testing might also promote the application ? or transfer ? of learning. To begin this study, Shana Carpenter, Ph.D.,?performed a literature review of recent studies as related to the benefits of testing on our ability to transfer information across multiple contexts, test formats, and knowledge domains.
Carpenter discovered that the few studies on this topic have, so far, reported robust benefits of testing on the transfer of learning. She highlights the need for research that explores the potential of tests to promote not just the direct retention of information, but also the application of knowledge to new situations.
Scientists investigated another perspective associated with learning as they sought to understand why repeated testing leads to better long-term memory for information than does repeated study.
Psychological scientist Peter Verkoeijen, Ph.D.,?and his colleagues hypothesized that studying may strengthen the aspects of a memory trace that pertain to the way words look and sound, while testing may strengthen the aspects of a memory trace that have to do with the meaning of words.
In this study, researchers had Dutch-English bilingual participants learn several lists of words in Dutch. In some instances they were tested after an initial study period (test condition), and in others they were told to study the list again (restudy condition). Participants? memory for the words was then tested in Dutch or English.
The main finding shows that participants in the test condition were better at recognizing the words they had been told to learn when they took the final test in English (across-language) but not when they took the final test in Dutch (within-language).
These results suggests that using a test as a method of learning ? strengthening the meaning of words ? was useful for the participants when they weren?t able to rely on the visual or phonological familiarity of words because the words were presented in different languages. The results lend support to the researchers? hypothesis that restudying and testing strengthen memory in different ways.
A concluding study investigated the role of information retrieval of information (from memory) and the learning process.
In the study, Jeffrey Karpicke, Ph.D.,?argues that retrieval processes play a central role in the active process of learning as it happens. Karpicke outlines the retrieval-based learning perspective and discusses the role of retrieval in learning, the means by which it can enhance learning over the long-term, and the ways in which it can help to promote meaningful learning.
Source: Association for Psychological Science
Child taking an exam photo by shutterstock.
APA Reference
Nauert PhD, R. (2012). Testing Aids Memory in a Variety of Ways. Psych Central. Retrieved on October 9, 2012, from http://psychcentral.com/news/2012/10/09/testing-aids-memory-in-a-variety-of-ways/45779.html
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Source: http://psychcentral.com/news/2012/10/09/testing-aids-memory-in-a-variety-of-ways/45779.html
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